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In a business context, the Information Technology
Association of America has defined information technology as "the study,
design, development, application, implementation, support or management of
computer-based information systems".The responsibilities of those
working in the field include network administration, software development and
installation, and the planning and management of an organisation's technology
life cycle, by which hardware and software is maintained, upgraded, and
replaced.
Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and
communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing
in about 3000 BC, but the term "information technology" in its
modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business
Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that
"the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall
call it information technology (IT)." Based on the storage and
processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct
phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical
(1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940) and electronic (1940–present).
This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in
about 1940.
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